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Showing posts from June, 2025

Box-Cox Transformation Using SPSS: A Practical Approach to Normalizing Skewed Data

  This is under construction. Abstract Skewed data distributions can violate key assumptions of parametric statistical techniques, potentially compromising the validity of research findings. One effective remedy is the Box-Cox transformation, a family of power transformations designed to normalize data and stabilize variance. This tutorial provides a clear, step-by-step guide for applying the Box-Cox transformation using SPSS, focusing on a user-friendly approach accessible to researchers with minimal programming background. The procedure involves ranking cases using fractional ranks, computing the mean and standard deviation of the original variable, and generating a normally distributed variable through SPSS's inverse normal function. Practical examples and detailed instructions are provided to facilitate implementation. This paper aims to support researchers in improving the statistical robustness of their analyses by addressing skewness through an accessible and replicable tran...